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The Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)
The Scientific Revolution (1500-1600s) was a huge turning point in the creation of our modern world. It brought us from a world in which religion provided nearly all the answers to a world in which science provides answers.
Before the Scientific Revolution people got their ideas about science from the ancient Greeks (Aristotle), or the Catholic Church. **But then scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, and Isaac Newton began using the Scientific Method in search of the real scientific truth. The Scientific Method is the use of experimentation and observation (over and over again) to come up with an accurate conclusion.
Galileo and Copernicus proved that the sun was the center of the universe, while the Catholic Church still believed that the earth was the center of the universe. The Church put Galileo on trial and made him say that he was wrong or they would kill him. He admitted he was wrong even though he knew he was right.
The Scientific Revolution (1500-1600s) was a huge turning point in the creation of our modern world. It brought us from a world in which religion provided nearly all the answers to a world in which science provides answers.
Before the Scientific Revolution people got their ideas about science from the ancient Greeks (Aristotle), or the Catholic Church. **But then scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, and Isaac Newton began using the Scientific Method in search of the real scientific truth. The Scientific Method is the use of experimentation and observation (over and over again) to come up with an accurate conclusion.
Galileo and Copernicus proved that the sun was the center of the universe, while the Catholic Church still believed that the earth was the center of the universe. The Church put Galileo on trial and made him say that he was wrong or they would kill him. He admitted he was wrong even though he knew he was right.
The Enlightenment (1600-1700s) was a movement of political ideas inspired by the scientists of the Scientific Revolution. Enlightenment Thinkers came up with new ideas about government by applying scientific theories to government. They were tired of kings ruling - they wanted to give political power to the people. They thought that people had the ability to govern themselves.
**John Locke is the most famous of the Enlightenment thinkers. He came up with the idea that "all men are created equal ... and have unalienable rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".
**The Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced the American and French Revolutions and laid the groundwork for the modern democracies of today.
**John Locke is the most famous of the Enlightenment thinkers. He came up with the idea that "all men are created equal ... and have unalienable rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".
**The Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced the American and French Revolutions and laid the groundwork for the modern democracies of today.
French Revolution & Napoleon (1789-1814) The French Revolution of 1789 happened when the lower and middle classes (the Third Estate), revolted and took power from the upper classes (First & Second Estates) who had ruled France for centuries. They eventually captured the king and queen and cut off their heads.
**The third estate (98% of the population) were inspired by the democratic ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers and by the American Revolution. They set up a government that focused on the rights of the people rather than the power of the king. The middle class gained a lot of power thanks to the revolution.
For a while, the revolution went bad, as the revolutionary leaders chopped off the heads of all their enemies (The Reign of Terror, led by a radical named Robespierre).
Later, order was restored when Napoleon Bonaparte became the leader of France. Using his military genius, France conquered most of Western Europe, spreading Enlightenment ideas and the ideas of the revolution across Europe.
**The third estate (98% of the population) were inspired by the democratic ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers and by the American Revolution. They set up a government that focused on the rights of the people rather than the power of the king. The middle class gained a lot of power thanks to the revolution.
For a while, the revolution went bad, as the revolutionary leaders chopped off the heads of all their enemies (The Reign of Terror, led by a radical named Robespierre).
Later, order was restored when Napoleon Bonaparte became the leader of France. Using his military genius, France conquered most of Western Europe, spreading Enlightenment ideas and the ideas of the revolution across Europe.
Haitian & Latin American Revolutions (1790s-1830) were inspired by the American & French Revolutions and Enlightenment ideals. Haiti’s revolution, led by Toussaint L’Overture, gave it independence from France.
The revolutions in South America, mainly led by Simone Bolivar, led to independence from Spain, which had ruled most of Latin America for a couple hundred years. Latin American people wanted self-determination and greater power for common citizens.
The revolutions in South America, mainly led by Simone Bolivar, led to independence from Spain, which had ruled most of Latin America for a couple hundred years. Latin American people wanted self-determination and greater power for common citizens.
European Nationalism rose in the 1800s. Nationalism is the desire among a people to have their own independent country and then the feeling of devotion to one’s country. The rise of nationalism in Europe, an impact of Napoleon’s conquests, led Italy to unify for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire, in the mid-1800s. The nationalist movement in Italy was led by Cavour and Garibaldi.
A similar movement happened in Germany in the 1860s. The strongest German-speaking state, Prussia, started to absorb German-speaking neighbors through wars (the policy of “blood & iron”) under leadership of Otto Von Bismarck.
A similar movement happened in Germany in the 1860s. The strongest German-speaking state, Prussia, started to absorb German-speaking neighbors through wars (the policy of “blood & iron”) under leadership of Otto Von Bismarck.
The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850+) was a shift from small scale home manufacturing to large-scale industrial manufacturing done in factories. Many new machines were invented that could make products much faster; and new sources of power (steam and coal) helped to run these machines.
It started in England because it had lots of coal and lots of people looking for work.
**People began to move from farms to cities in order to work at these new factory jobs - urbanization. The sudden growth of these cities led to overcrowding, pollution and unsanitary conditions. Child labor was also a problem as factories hired children and paid them less than adults.
But the Industrial Revolution also allowed people to acquire more products as goods became cheaper and more plentiful.
It started in England because it had lots of coal and lots of people looking for work.
**People began to move from farms to cities in order to work at these new factory jobs - urbanization. The sudden growth of these cities led to overcrowding, pollution and unsanitary conditions. Child labor was also a problem as factories hired children and paid them less than adults.
But the Industrial Revolution also allowed people to acquire more products as goods became cheaper and more plentiful.
Karl Marx and Communism. Karl Marx lived during the early days of the Industrial Revolution and did not like what he saw. Marx believed that these two classes; the working class (the Proletariat) and the owning class (the Bourgeoisie) would be constantly in conflict with each other. He felt that the rich would get richer and the poor poorer, and the common worker would be forever enslaved by industry and those who owned the industry.
Marx wanted the proletariat (workers) to rise up and start a worldwide revolution. He wanted the workers to take control of the means of production, then they would make only what they needed and share everything.
He called this system Communism. Under Communism the government would own all property and everyone would be paid the same. According to Marx, this would end the evils of Industrialization and Capitalism, and eventually lead to utopia, with no government needed at all.
Marx wanted the proletariat (workers) to rise up and start a worldwide revolution. He wanted the workers to take control of the means of production, then they would make only what they needed and share everything.
He called this system Communism. Under Communism the government would own all property and everyone would be paid the same. According to Marx, this would end the evils of Industrialization and Capitalism, and eventually lead to utopia, with no government needed at all.
European Imperialism (1800s-mid-1900s)
During the Industrial Revolution Europeans began to mass produce goods. To do this they needed resources (coal, wood, gold, rubber, sugar, cotton), often resources that they did not have. They began to go oversees to Africa, India and China in search of these resources.
Since Europeans had better technology and better weapons, they easily defeated and controlled these areas, turning them into colonies that would provide resources – Imperialism.
**There was a racist component to Imperialism also as Europeans often felt it was there duty to civilize and Christianize the "savage" people they encountered in these lands. (The “civilizing mission” or “White Man’s Burden”)
Europeans took almost total control of Africa, and divided the continent up between themselves at the Berlin Conference of 1884 without talking to Africans or respecting traditional tribal boundaries.
The British even went so far as to trade opium that they bought in India to the Chinese so that the Chinese would become addicted to the drug and continue trading with the British. Previously China was an extremely isolated nation and did not trade with foreigners.
**In China & India, people tried to resist imperialism. In India, it was through the Sepoy Mutiny, an uprising of Indian soldiers. In China, it was through the Boxer Rebellion, an uprising of poor peasants. Both failed, and led to greater European control and influence over India and China.
During the Industrial Revolution Europeans began to mass produce goods. To do this they needed resources (coal, wood, gold, rubber, sugar, cotton), often resources that they did not have. They began to go oversees to Africa, India and China in search of these resources.
Since Europeans had better technology and better weapons, they easily defeated and controlled these areas, turning them into colonies that would provide resources – Imperialism.
**There was a racist component to Imperialism also as Europeans often felt it was there duty to civilize and Christianize the "savage" people they encountered in these lands. (The “civilizing mission” or “White Man’s Burden”)
Europeans took almost total control of Africa, and divided the continent up between themselves at the Berlin Conference of 1884 without talking to Africans or respecting traditional tribal boundaries.
The British even went so far as to trade opium that they bought in India to the Chinese so that the Chinese would become addicted to the drug and continue trading with the British. Previously China was an extremely isolated nation and did not trade with foreigners.
**In China & India, people tried to resist imperialism. In India, it was through the Sepoy Mutiny, an uprising of Indian soldiers. In China, it was through the Boxer Rebellion, an uprising of poor peasants. Both failed, and led to greater European control and influence over India and China.
Japan’s Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) For Centuries Japan was an isolated island country. The Japanese did not trade or associate with others.
But in the mid-1800's Commodore Perry, an American naval commander, sailed into Japan with a steam-powered ship to get the Japanese to open to trade. The Japanese were amazed at the technology of the ship and quickly realized that they better begin keeping up with the Western (European and American) nations, so they did open up.
Thus began the Meiji Restoration, during which the Japanese began to rapidly modernize and industrialize. The Japanese copied Western models of industry and began to become imperialistic to gain resources for their industries.
Japanese domination in the electronics industry is a product of the Meiji Restoration.
But in the mid-1800's Commodore Perry, an American naval commander, sailed into Japan with a steam-powered ship to get the Japanese to open to trade. The Japanese were amazed at the technology of the ship and quickly realized that they better begin keeping up with the Western (European and American) nations, so they did open up.
Thus began the Meiji Restoration, during which the Japanese began to rapidly modernize and industrialize. The Japanese copied Western models of industry and began to become imperialistic to gain resources for their industries.
Japanese domination in the electronics industry is a product of the Meiji Restoration.
Crises and Achievements (1900-1945)
World War I (1914-1918) began with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand - the Archduke of Austria. At the time Europe was a tense mix of nationalistic powers, tied up in alliances, so it only took a little incentive to set them off toward war. Europe was divided up between the triple alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary - and the triple entente of France, Britain and Russia.
These countries were building up their militaries in anticipation of war.
Remember our major causes of WWI: MAIN – Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
When war came it was devastating. Trench warfare and modern weapons (machine guns, tanks, planes, cannon, etc.) made causalities high.
World War I (1914-1918) began with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand - the Archduke of Austria. At the time Europe was a tense mix of nationalistic powers, tied up in alliances, so it only took a little incentive to set them off toward war. Europe was divided up between the triple alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary - and the triple entente of France, Britain and Russia.
These countries were building up their militaries in anticipation of war.
Remember our major causes of WWI: MAIN – Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
When war came it was devastating. Trench warfare and modern weapons (machine guns, tanks, planes, cannon, etc.) made causalities high.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 - also called the Bolshevik Revolution - was the first time a nation adopted communism as its political and economic system.
The Russian people were tired of fighting and dying during WW I. The German army was much better equipped than the Russians and millions of Russians were dying. The Russian people also resented the power of the Czar - who was becoming an ineffective ruler. Additionally, Russian peasants at home were starving.
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Communists (Bolsheviks) during the revolution.
**The Bolsheviks won popular support among the peasants by their motto of "Peace, Land, Bread." The Communists were able to take over because of their popular support, won by promises of giving land from the rich to the peasants.
Communism lasted in Russia from 1917 - 1989.
Joseph Stalin and Totalitarianism. Stalin took control of Russia after Lenin died. He became the classic totalitarian dictator. Stalin ruled Russia completely - he controlled the media and decided what information the Russian people should have. Freedom in Russia was very limited - Stalin also "purged" (killed) anyone that opposed him. Stalin used a force of secret police to control the nation.
Stalin also introduced a 5-Year Plan to rapidly industrialize Russia, which was mainly an agriculture-based society. The 5-Year Plan emphasized growth of heavy industry and farm production fell, leading millions to starve to death.
The Russian people were tired of fighting and dying during WW I. The German army was much better equipped than the Russians and millions of Russians were dying. The Russian people also resented the power of the Czar - who was becoming an ineffective ruler. Additionally, Russian peasants at home were starving.
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Communists (Bolsheviks) during the revolution.
**The Bolsheviks won popular support among the peasants by their motto of "Peace, Land, Bread." The Communists were able to take over because of their popular support, won by promises of giving land from the rich to the peasants.
Communism lasted in Russia from 1917 - 1989.
Joseph Stalin and Totalitarianism. Stalin took control of Russia after Lenin died. He became the classic totalitarian dictator. Stalin ruled Russia completely - he controlled the media and decided what information the Russian people should have. Freedom in Russia was very limited - Stalin also "purged" (killed) anyone that opposed him. Stalin used a force of secret police to control the nation.
Stalin also introduced a 5-Year Plan to rapidly industrialize Russia, which was mainly an agriculture-based society. The 5-Year Plan emphasized growth of heavy industry and farm production fell, leading millions to starve to death.
The Treaty of Versailles ended WW I, but one could say that it led to WWII.
Since Germany was the major power on the losing side of WW I, they took most of the blame. Germany was blamed for all of the loss and damage incurred by the allies (England and France) and for being the aggressor in the war.
The treaty forced Germany to pay huge fines, lose sections of land to France & Poland, & give up all colonies overseas.
**The Treaty of Versailles is very important because it punished Germany so much that it could never recover - and this defeated Germany became ripe for Adolph Hitler and his fascist politics of hate and blame. Hitler tried to regain the land and power that were taken away from Germany.
Rise of Fascism After WWI many European countries were devastated. The economies and social structures of nations like Germany, Italy, Spain were in ruins. The people were desperate for leadership that would offer a solution.
Into this void stepped the fascist governments of Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Fascism is the rule by a dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic. Fascism is very similar to totalitarianism.
These fascist dictators rebuilt their countries but were brutal and ruthless in doing so. They denied basic human rights and limited freedoms of their citizens. In Hitler’s case, he tried to take over the world.
Japanese Imperialism After Japan industrialized in the Meiji Restoration, it needed more resources for its industries. So it sought to become an empire and conquered Korea and Manchuria (northeast China) for raw materials. Eventually, the Japanese tried to take over all of East & Southeast Asia.
Japan’s expansion plans led it to attack the US at Pearl Harbor during WW II to control the Pacific Ocean.
Since Germany was the major power on the losing side of WW I, they took most of the blame. Germany was blamed for all of the loss and damage incurred by the allies (England and France) and for being the aggressor in the war.
The treaty forced Germany to pay huge fines, lose sections of land to France & Poland, & give up all colonies overseas.
**The Treaty of Versailles is very important because it punished Germany so much that it could never recover - and this defeated Germany became ripe for Adolph Hitler and his fascist politics of hate and blame. Hitler tried to regain the land and power that were taken away from Germany.
Rise of Fascism After WWI many European countries were devastated. The economies and social structures of nations like Germany, Italy, Spain were in ruins. The people were desperate for leadership that would offer a solution.
Into this void stepped the fascist governments of Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Fascism is the rule by a dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic. Fascism is very similar to totalitarianism.
These fascist dictators rebuilt their countries but were brutal and ruthless in doing so. They denied basic human rights and limited freedoms of their citizens. In Hitler’s case, he tried to take over the world.
Japanese Imperialism After Japan industrialized in the Meiji Restoration, it needed more resources for its industries. So it sought to become an empire and conquered Korea and Manchuria (northeast China) for raw materials. Eventually, the Japanese tried to take over all of East & Southeast Asia.
Japan’s expansion plans led it to attack the US at Pearl Harbor during WW II to control the Pacific Ocean.
World War II (1939-1945) was started by Adolph Hitler when he invaded Poland. He then took control of all of Europe except for England. He had plans to take over the world. At first Hitler was allied with Russia, but then he turned on Russia and attacked then. This proved to be his downfall as he was now forced to fight a war on two fronts (Russia on one side, and England and the US on the other side).
The US entered the war after they were bombed by Japan at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
D-Day was a huge invasion when American & British troops landed in France to take back Europe from the Germans.
Hitler eventually lost as he was sandwiched between two huge armies.
WWII finally ended when the US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.
The US entered the war after they were bombed by Japan at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
D-Day was a huge invasion when American & British troops landed in France to take back Europe from the Germans.
Hitler eventually lost as he was sandwiched between two huge armies.
WWII finally ended when the US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.
The Holocaust was Adolph Hitler's attempt to kill off all of the Jews in Europe. Trying to kill an entire group of people is called genocide. Hitler hated Jews, thought they were an inferior race, and blamed them for Germany's problems.
During WW II European Jews were put in death camps, where they were gassed and their dead bodies burned in ovens.
It is estimated that the Nazi's killed about 6 million Jews in Europe.
After WW II many Nazi's that took part in the genocide were put on trial and jailed/ executed at The Nuremberg Trials.
Sympathy for Jews after the Holocaust and WWII helped to create the nation of Israel in 1947.
During WW II European Jews were put in death camps, where they were gassed and their dead bodies burned in ovens.
It is estimated that the Nazi's killed about 6 million Jews in Europe.
After WW II many Nazi's that took part in the genocide were put on trial and jailed/ executed at The Nuremberg Trials.
Sympathy for Jews after the Holocaust and WWII helped to create the nation of Israel in 1947.
The Cold War (1946-1990) At the end of WWII Hitler was dead and Europe lay in ruins. Two superpowers dominated the scene: the US and Russia. The US was a capitalist/democratic nation; Russia was communist.
The two superpowers fought each other (without an actual war) for domination and influence.
There was an "Iron Curtain" across Europe that separated the capitalist nations from the communist nations.
**Nations that supported the US formed NATO; nations that supported Russia formed the Warsaw Pact. Countries that did not take a clear side were called non-aligned.
The conflict went worldwide through proxy wars in Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Angola, Afghanistan, etc.
Other famous Cold War events & terms include:
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan
The Berlin Wall
The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Arms & Space Races
The two superpowers fought each other (without an actual war) for domination and influence.
There was an "Iron Curtain" across Europe that separated the capitalist nations from the communist nations.
**Nations that supported the US formed NATO; nations that supported Russia formed the Warsaw Pact. Countries that did not take a clear side were called non-aligned.
The conflict went worldwide through proxy wars in Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Angola, Afghanistan, etc.
Other famous Cold War events & terms include:
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan
The Berlin Wall
The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Arms & Space Races
Collapse of Communism (1989-1992) For years during the Cold War the USSR was trying to keep up with the US in the nuclear arms race and the space race. But Communism proved to be a weaker economic system than capitalism and it eventually collapsed. The collapse started with Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika. These policies tried to open up and reform the old fashioned system of communism.
Then Eastern European nations gained freedom from Communism and the Berlin Wall (the German symbol of the Cold War) fell in 1989. Communism ended in the USSR in 1991 and the USSR broke up.
Then Eastern European nations gained freedom from Communism and the Berlin Wall (the German symbol of the Cold War) fell in 1989. Communism ended in the USSR in 1991 and the USSR broke up.
Collapse of Imperialism. European powers were weakened by WW II and were no longer in a position to maintain their empires of Imperialism. India and Africa in particular won their independence after WW II. Nationalism played a big role in the independence of these former colonies.
Indian Independence was led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, through his successful practice of civil disobedience. India gained independence in 1947, as did Pakistan, a nation created so Indian Muslims would have their own country.
Ghana was the first African nation to gain independence under leader Kwame Nkrumah. Kenya was led in its independence from Britain by Jomo Kenyatta.
South Africa had been independent, but ruled only by the small white minority under a system of racial division called apartheid. Even though he was thrown in jail, Nelson Mandela helped end Apartheid, and became South Africa’s first freely-elected president in 1994.
Indian Independence was led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, through his successful practice of civil disobedience. India gained independence in 1947, as did Pakistan, a nation created so Indian Muslims would have their own country.
Ghana was the first African nation to gain independence under leader Kwame Nkrumah. Kenya was led in its independence from Britain by Jomo Kenyatta.
South Africa had been independent, but ruled only by the small white minority under a system of racial division called apartheid. Even though he was thrown in jail, Nelson Mandela helped end Apartheid, and became South Africa’s first freely-elected president in 1994.
Modern China went Communist under leader Mao Zedong in 1949. Mao set 5-Year Plans like Stalin, including the Great Leap Forward, a plan for industrial development that led to famine that killed many millions. From 1966-1976, Mao led China into the Cultural Revolution, a campaign to renew the revolution and firm up Mao’s control. Schools and universities were shut down and the country tore itself apart for a decade.
After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took power and set out to reform China through the Four Modernizations, which eased Communist economic policies and introduced some capitalist ideas. Students led peaceful protests against government corruption and for greater reform in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989. Deng’s government sent in the tanks, killing or wounding thousands. China’s reforms have continued since. Hong Kong returned to China in 1997.
After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took power and set out to reform China through the Four Modernizations, which eased Communist economic policies and introduced some capitalist ideas. Students led peaceful protests against government corruption and for greater reform in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989. Deng’s government sent in the tanks, killing or wounding thousands. China’s reforms have continued since. Hong Kong returned to China in 1997.
Israel was created by the United Nations in 1947 to give the Jews a homeland. Before the state of Israel was created, there was a Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism. Israel was set up on Palestine, a British colony, in the Middle East. Palestine was divided between Muslim Arabs and Jews, and Israel declared itself independent in 1948.
As soon as Israel was created, Arabs vowed to drive the Jews out and restore Palestine as a nation and war broke out between the Jews and Arabs. Israel won, doubling its area through the war, and the Arabs lost, many becoming poor refugees. A group called the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), led by Yasir Arafat, rose with Arabs’ desire to have their own Arab Palestinian State. Israel fought more wars against Arab neighbors Egypt and Syria in the 1950s, 60s & 70s. Conflict continues between the Israelis and the Arab Palestinians, as witnessed by the battles in the Palestinian-majority Gaza strip today.
As soon as Israel was created, Arabs vowed to drive the Jews out and restore Palestine as a nation and war broke out between the Jews and Arabs. Israel won, doubling its area through the war, and the Arabs lost, many becoming poor refugees. A group called the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), led by Yasir Arafat, rose with Arabs’ desire to have their own Arab Palestinian State. Israel fought more wars against Arab neighbors Egypt and Syria in the 1950s, 60s & 70s. Conflict continues between the Israelis and the Arab Palestinians, as witnessed by the battles in the Palestinian-majority Gaza strip today.
Iranian Revolution – Islamic Revolution of 1979 that overthrew US-supported ruler, the Shah; Iran became a theocracy (a state controlled by religious leaders) led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Today, Iran is a strong country in the Middle East, but one that has difficult relations with many of its neighbors because Iran is majority Shia Muslim, while most of the Middle East is Sunni Muslim. Iran’s former President Ahmedinejad has said repeatedly that he wants Iran to develop the nuclear bomb, and the US and other countries have responded by placing heavy sanctions on Iran. Protests for government reforms have broken out of the past few years and been put down violently by Iran’s army and police.
Misc:
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, cartel that sets international oil prices
Globalization – the process of the world being linked together economically, technologically, socio-culturally
Green Revolution - 1960s development of new wheat and rice strains that allowed much greater food production. The largest impact of this revolution has been felt in India, which has been able to feed its quickly growing population thanks to the Green Revolution.
Genocides of 20th Century – Cambodia (Khmer Rouge & Pol Pot), Yugoslavia (Serbs vs. Bosnians), Rwanda (Hutu v. Tutsis), Darfur (Arab Africans supported by Sudan government against southern non-Arab Africans)
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, cartel that sets international oil prices
Globalization – the process of the world being linked together economically, technologically, socio-culturally
Green Revolution - 1960s development of new wheat and rice strains that allowed much greater food production. The largest impact of this revolution has been felt in India, which has been able to feed its quickly growing population thanks to the Green Revolution.
Genocides of 20th Century – Cambodia (Khmer Rouge & Pol Pot), Yugoslavia (Serbs vs. Bosnians), Rwanda (Hutu v. Tutsis), Darfur (Arab Africans supported by Sudan government against southern non-Arab Africans)